Storywarders

Appendix · Worked examples

Danæam — lit. literal gloss — English.

Speech & questions

Saige fæ: »–Más-ten ærmuch.–« — lit. said fæ: “am-I tired” — Fæ said, “I’m tired.”
Fæ yiosnÿ fæ ærmuch atá saige. — lit. said fæ that tired is fæ — Fæ said fæ was tired.
Mæ Isc fith— scé’ya? — lit. you fish eat — [Q-pos] — You’re eating fish, aren’t you?
Mæ Isc fith’t— scé’thte? — lit. you fish eat-NEG — [Q-neg] — You’re not eating fish, are you?
Scén ooilich mæ Cafi œr Sî ooilich? — lit. [Q] want you coffee or tea want — Do you want coffee or tea?
Scér thé-atáea ios atáea? — lit. [Q] who-was that was — Who was that?
Í ios thurn niïl Nímhog gæn. — lit. it that where a dog gives — There is a dog there.
Lus thas ios laí mæ. — lit. the what that saw you — The thing you saw.
Scér thas ios laí mæ laí? — lit. [Q] what that saw you saw — What did you see?
Sclaí-laí-laí-laí-tha-laí-s mæ? — lit. Qsaw-saw-saw-saw-wh-saw-at you — You saw WHAT?!
Glascér thas laí mæ laías? — lit. [echo-Q] what saw you saw-AS — You saw WHAT?
Glascér mæ laí niïl Ghusci laías? — lit. [echo-Q] you saw a ghost saw-AS — You saw a ghost?
Glésghuscias? — lit. [echo]ghost-AS — A GHOST?
Glésthas? — lit. [echo]what — WHAT?
Más nhœme ten, scén scé’ya? — lit. am coming I, [Q]:[Q-pos] — Am I coming?
Thas mælcen ten mælcen, scén scé’ya? — lit. what bought I bought, [Q]:[Q-pos] — What did I buy?
Scér thé thas chímæ chímæ? — lit. [Q] who what bought bought — Who bought what?
Scér thénu mé fœdh lus Scale ios fœdh cía? — lit. [Q] whom-with stole the car that stole they — Whose car did they steal?
Scén mæ them sáille yail Langaír sáille? — lit. [Q] you how speak many languages speak — How many languages do you speak?
Scér duîm thénu mæ chís eibh eibh? — lit. [Q] to/with whom you chat were were — Who were you chatting with?
Ten cías Chís-Chís auytha. — lit. I their chatting overheard — I overheard their chatting.
Aoa thurn’t? — lit. not where-NEG — Whereabouts?
Scér mæ thas Chain e Bailch y-iosnÿ mé-saige fær Cafi ooilæch fæ saige yüs fæ í linchs saige? — lit. [Q] you what kind of milk [y-that·nÿ] with-said her coffee wanted fæ said [y-when] fæ it drinks said — What kind of milk did you say she said she wanted with her coffee when she drinks it?
Scén mæ lus Eileth e mao Fía bhie dús Fith-Fith e bhie? — lit. [Q] you the rest of your food is toward the eating of are — Are you going to eat the rest of your food?
Scén thüs nhœme lus Thrugh nhœme? — lit. [Q] when r.r.comes the train comes — When does the train come?
In As í nhœme. — lit. at Eight it comes — It comes at eight.
In As lus Thrugh yios by sís thurn nhœme nhœme. — lit. at Eight the train [y-that] by this-where comes comes — The train that comes through here comes at eight.
Niïl Ghusci’ya. — lit. a ghost-POS — A ghost, yes.
Scén stil fith’ya? Œr ’thte? — lit. [Q] still eating-POS? or -NEG? — Still eating? Or not?
Ten ios át. — lit. I that did — I did.
Ios mæ át. — lit. that you did — You did.
Syá. — lit. maybe — Maybe.
Scén thúil gæn mé mæ Craimh gæn’t— scé’thte? — lit. [Q] no-longer r.r.gives with you hunger gives-NEG — [Q-neg] — You’re not hungry anymore, are you?
Gæn’ma. — lit. gives-CONTRA — Oh but I AM.
Scén thurn bhies lus Sclaoímhú bhies? — lit. [Q] where r.r.is the corkscrew is — Where’s the corkscrew?
C’achér’ed. — lit. second-drawer, fused — Second drawer.

Imperatives & clauses

Air • “S’aige’in” dúirá film. — lit. Notice • “so-said” leftward turn — Turn left.
Ai’lith! — lit. notice-run — Run!
Ai’æ’lith! — lit. notice-you-run — You — run!
Air’ith’lith! — lit. notice-we-run — Let’s run!
Air’í’lith! — lit. notice-fæ/it-run — Let fæ run!
Sís mæ-film air, scén scé’ya? • “S’aige’in” dúirá film. — lit. this you-turn notice, [Q]:[Q-pos]? • “so-said” leftward turn — You WILL note this: turn left.
Ai’en’lith! — lit. notice-I-run — Notice: I run.
In As lus Thrugh nhœme. — lit. at Eight the train comes — The train comes at Eight.
Malach lus Thrugh iëao. — lit. late the train will-be — The train will be late.
In As lus ’Ië’mal’rugh’ach’nÿ nhœme. — lit. at Eight the FUT-la-(t)rain-te-REL comes — At Eight the train-that-will-be-late comes.
Mis Crao’ælth’if mæ gæn aich sin mis Nímhog mith gæn. — lit. our wise-elder you give also as our dog we give — Our wise elder is also a dog.
Niïl Iarnbha Te’sídia’os bhie. — lit. a blacksmith sister-mine is — My sister is a blacksmith.
Stá’fæ’tach. — lit. stupid-fæ — The fæ is stupid.
Oob lus Math lus Seoir bhie. — lit. under the mat the key is — The key is under the mat.
Í niïl Seoir yiosnÿ oob lus Math atá gæn. — lit. it a key that under the mat is gives — There is a key under the mat.
Mis Ro’math-oo’seoir’b’il mith gæn. — lit. our too-mat-under-key we give — (the chaos option)
Air’æ’m’íc’ís linchs. — lit. IMP-you-lots-water drink — Don’t you drink lots of water!
Scén bhie thé ios bhie? — lit. [Q] is what that is — What is that?
O scé’ann mao Myth dús bhie Son-Son e bhie? — lit. and Q-if your nose toward-the is bleeding of is — And if your nose is a-bleeding?
Air’ith’rubh’t. — lit. IMP-we-touch-not — We touchn’t.
Ai’ith’rubh’ya. — lit. HORT-we-touch-yes — Let’s touch [it]!
Ythús Urgea mêdhië… — lit. past-the fence by-a-metre — Past the fence by a metre…
Nirïë yinÿ sin e niyail e łix iostá Ornbeíl, … — lit. just-MEASURE at-CLEFTING {so of singular of exact} UNCLEFTING-that moment — Just at* that moment… (*“singularly and exactly ‘at’ the ‘at’ in question”)
lus Thrugh ios thurn — lit. the train that-where — the train there
Niïl holdhmÿa Fæ’hín-iy’ær. — lit. a tall-mÿa fæ(pt1)’man-than(dangling tmeter)’ær(pt2) — a man taller than fær
Mis Scale mith gæn. — lit. our car we give — There is a car.
O Cafi œr Sî — lit. ALL coffee or tea — Coffee or Tea (the menu reading)
Scén Sî linchs mæ linchs? — lit. [Q] tea want you want — Do you want tea?
Œr ’thte. — lit. or NEG — Or not.
Ten yiosnÿ fæ nhœmea silgá’thte. — lit. I that fæ came think’nt — I don’t think fæ came ≈ I think fæ didn’t
Ten yiosnÿ fæ nhœmea’thte silgá. — lit. I that fæ came’nt think — I think fæ did not come
Fæ yiosnÿ fæ ærmuch atá saige. — lit. fæ that fæ tired is says — Fæ said fæ was tired.
Eë’shrai-shrai’s sê-fær — lit. of/the’praising’the/of færself — the praising of færself
wil cías-sê mé — lit. all each-other with — all by themselves — a plural lonely state, a plural “all alone”

Comparison & emphasis

sin aernmÿa sy sainmÿa — lit. so-as hotter so-then better — the hotter, the better
Mis Glaoh-Glaoh tes Sáinsu mé teo mith gæn. — lit. our washing my hands with-me we give — I wash my hands (inalienable)
Lus Glaoh-Glaoh tes Sáinsu mé teo í gæn. — lit. the washing my hands with-me it gives — I wash my hands (alienable)
Holdhmÿa. — lit. taller — “Taller.”
Ghusci’ya. / Ghusci — Bháya. / Bháya. Ghusci’ya. — lit. ghost-YES / ghost — yes / yes. ghost-YES — answers to “A ghost!?”
Ios nhœme í John atá. — lit. CLEFT came it John is — It’s John that came.
Sin uain ythénÿ nhœme ios í John Faevreau atá. — lit. SIN one y-who-nÿ came CLEFT it John Faevreau is — The one who came is John Faevreau.
Thé nhœme ios John Faevreau atá. — lit. who came CLEFT John Faevreau is — Who came is John Faevreau.
Bháya’ya. / Fith’ya bha. — lit. yes-YES / fith-YES yes — YES. / fith DID, yes.
Fith’t o ’t o ’t. — lit. fith-not and not and not — fith NOT — not, not.
Ios nhœme í John atá’ya. — lit. CLEFT came it John is-YES — It’s John that came — it IS.
Fær mæ łathn! Łathn! — lit. faer you kill! kill! — You’re killing faer! Killing!
…gæn — gæn’ya — atá… — lit. …give — give-YES — is… — (schema)
O mis fal Lawu dú’ao Côs-Côs mith gæn. — lit. and/OPT our beautiful Dreams to-your sleep-sleep we give — And/may our beautiful dreams to your sleep we give.
Rîbha-e John í cía craigea bhie. — lit. book-o’ John it they took is — It’s John’s book they took.
Rîbha-e John í cía oob lus Phailé dræao craigea bhie. — lit. book-o’ John it they under the bed from took is — It’s John’s book they took from under the bed.
Cafi’ya o Sî. — lit. coffee-YES and tea — COFFEE indeed, and tea.
Cafi’ya o Sî’tya. — lit. coffee-YES and tea-NOT-YES — COFFEE indeed, and NOT tea.
Ten ærmuch más. — lit. I tired am — I am tired.
Más-ten ærmuch. — lit. am-I tired — I’m tired.
Más-ten niïl Ffearhsy or’raif’il—’t dúe fith. — lit. am-I a horser not-too-little-hungry to-of eat — I’m hungry enough to eat a horse.
Ten niïl Ffearhsy or’raif’il—’t dué fith más. — lit. I a horser not-too-little-hungry to-of eat am — I am hungry enough to eat a horse.
Ten dús Fith-Fith más. — lit. I toward-the eating am — I am eating.
Fith-fith: ten fith. — lit. eating: I eat — I am eating.

Topic & weight

S’air’n Scean — lit. as-per-the-taking-note-of Scean — As for Scean, …
O • o e Scean • — lit. and • and of Scean • — And — as for Scean —
Efui • Scean: — lit. Topic! • Scean: — Topic: Scean —
… (s’efui-e’in) … — lit. … as-per-the-topic-of … — …, for its part, …
Sin Scean … — lit. as Scean … — As for Scean, …
O Scóhn ∆ ten mac. — lit. and John [up-trill] I like — And John — I like.
Niïl Fhós — si’te’rhié’os-e’n — o ten duín Łif elfæn bhie. — lit. a bitch — as-of-parent-mine — and I in Hell hope is — A bitch, my mother — and in hell, I hope.
Œr ’thte. — lit. or not — Or not.
Air • Mis ssai Grainê “s’aige’n” aoíth dulagá mith iësulæn. — lit. Note! • our two graves “as-said” before embarking [we] will-dig — Re: our two graves, as said — we’ll dig them before embarking.
Air • — sin e Ulfœrth — • Mis ssai Grainê “s’aige’n” aoíth dulagá mith iësulæn. — lit. Note! • — as of the Revenge-quest — • our two graves “as-said” before embarking [we] will-dig — Note — re: the revenge-quest — our two graves, as said, we’ll dig before embarking.
O Te’fhó’rhié’s’os ∆ ten laíea. — lit. and bitch-parent-mine [up-trill] I saw — Bitch-mother-mine — I saw her.
Niïl sain Hín fæ bhie — mao Rhié. — lit. a good man he is — your Parent — He’s a good man — your father.
Lus Hín nhœme. Aich— mé-e fær éx Nímhogê eibh. — lit. the man came. also— with-of him six dogs were — The man came. Also — he had six dogs with him.
Lus Hín ythénÿ éx Nímhogê mé-e eibh nhœme. — lit. the man who six dogs with-of were came — The man who had six dogs with him came.

Equation & eternal registers

Chair-Chair e Emma — lit. Rain-Rain of Blood — Rain of blood
sís Tïc e Bis — lit. this House of Grief — This House of Grief · Helen Garner’s courtroom Ruimais
sin mordach sy fær — lit. so-as big so-then her — as big as her
Sy fær sin mordach fæ bhie. — lit. so-then her so-as big she is — She is as big as her.
Ydúynÿ lus Ti’amár’th tes Meilstory mao Łamis atá. — lit. in the pain-ocean my diving-suit your saliva is — Your saliva is my diving suit in the ocean of pain.
Ydúynÿ lus felTi’amár’th tes Meilstory mao afŁamis atá. — lit. in the 🥀pain-ocean … your 🔥saliva is — — pain wilted, saliva aflame
Ydúynÿ lus afTi’amár’th tes Meilstory mao felŁamis atá. — lit. in the 🔥pain-ocean … your 🥀saliva is — — pain aflame, saliva wilted
O þin-e • Hthom-e’ya o Gil • Hth’— Gil:Ti’amár’th-dú’lus’y=Meilstory-teos=Łamis-mæos—’om. þis-e V Hthom’t. — lit. and of-she • of-World yes, and Gift • World(gift:[chain]). of-her: world-not — The Verbless Eternal Future — that which will always never be going to happen: “worldn’t.”
Ton o-e • Hthom-e’ya o Aól’ya • Hth’— Aól:Ti’amár’th-dú’lus’y=Meilstory-teos=Łamis-mæos—’om. Tonu-e ∆ Hthom’ya. — lit. he and-of • of-world and -entry yes • world(entry:[chain]). of-him: world-indeed — The Verbless Eternal Past — that which will always already have happened: world.

Roles & complements

Ten Væx farmea eibh. — lit. I king made was — I was made king.
Væx fæ eibh farmea. — lit. king fæ was made — Fæ was made king.
Ten Xæxr ghiæanea. — lit. I king-being got — I became king.
Xæxr fæ ghiæanea. — lit. king-being fæ got — Fæ became king.
Mith fær Væx farmea. — lit. we him king made — We made him king.
Mith fær-dúe Xæxr ghiæanea. — lit. we for[toward-of]-fær king-being got — We made him king (by becoming).
Dræao lus Ufín Ooraithr fæ ghiæanea. — lit. from the enemy killed-being fæ got — He was killed by the enemy.
O státachaí-færs V sê-fær fæ ooraith. — lit. [TOP] idiocy-his [V] self-fær he killed — His Idiocy, himself he killed.
O státachaí-færs ∆ sê-fær niïl Pat fæ sulænea. — lit. [TOP] idiocy-his [∆] self-fær a hole fæ dug — His Idiocy, færself a hole fæ dug. (Amused.)
Dúe sê ułiuafth usót... — lit. for the-self Heavensward to-go — For the-self to go to heaven…
S’łiuafth-e’in — dúe sê S’eg’in usót... — lit. so-of-heaven — for the-self such-way to-go — As for heaven — for the-self to go such-way…
Ten æœá-e Fía más. — lit. I of-no food am — I am without food.
Æœá-e Fía fæ is. — lit. of-no food fæ is — Fæ is without food.
Ten dúe Piell í átea. — lit. I for Piell it did — I did it for Bill.
Ten duîm Piell í gæn. — lit. I to Piell it gave — I gave it to Bill.
Niïl Hín ythénÿ reinach Sáinsu mé-e atá... — lit. a man who dirty hands with-of are — A man with dirty hands…
Niïl Hín thé æœá-e reinach Sáinsu bhie... — lit. a man who not-of dirty hands is — A man without dirty hands…

Quality, material & cause

Hín e Gree — lit. man of humour — a man of humour
lus Gree e lus Hín — lit. the humour of the man — the humour of the man
Grëach Hín — lit. humoured man — a humoured man
æœá-e Gree — lit. without-of humour — without humour
Niïl Scál e thíthíl Tonnaê… — lit. a boat of a-thousand tons — a boat of a thousand tons
Niïl Lund e Shar. — lit. a pound of sugar — a pound of sugar
Tïc by Úrsapê — lit. house through/using bricks — a house of bricks; built of bricks
Tïc e Úrsapfarmaí — lit. house of brickmakery — a house of Brickmakery (contrast)
Tïc dúe Úrsap-Farm-farm — lit. house for brick-making — a house for brickmaking (contrast)
by Elin ghuethnea… — lit. through/using/with verve served — served with verve
El’huethnea’in — lit. ve’served’rve — served with verve (fused)
elinië ghuethnea — lit. vervely served — served vervely
Ten í or’mordachië’il—’t craithië fithea. — lit. I it not-insufficiently-enormously hungrily ate — I ate extremely hungrily
Ærmuchaí e Síulnê — lit. exhaustion of wounds — exhaustion of wounds
fær Síulnê fær Ærmuchaí gænea — lit. his wounds his exhaustion gave — his wounds gave him exhaustion
fæ Ærmuchaí fær Síulnê dræao ghiæanea — lit. he exhaustion his-wounds from got — he got exhaustion from his wounds
Yth ír Ralxú lus Both rüstea eibh. — lit. over its government the city ruined was — the city was ruined by its government
Yth fær Síulnê fæ duín Ærmuchaí tugea eibh. — lit. over fær wounds fæ to exhaustion brought was — he was brought to exhaustion by his wounds (compare)

Function, reference & status

Ten sy Cthug sin lus Acusthia lynœa. — lit. I as Club so the stick used — I used the stick as a club
Ten fær e Atruens’ya saíea. — lit. I him of/about the Incident-the told — I told him about the incident
Ten duín Berolth tes-mé Maghr eibh. — lit. I in-at Berlin my-with soldier-being was — I was in Berlin as a soldier
Mith fær-dúe Cáithoorhr oothíthea. — lit. we for-him General-being appointed — we appointed him as general
Ten fær e ios Atruens saíea. — lit. I him of that Incident told — I told him about that incident
Ten fær e sís Atruens saíea. — lit. I him of this Incident told — I told him about this incident
Ten fær e sícías Atruensê saíea. — lit. I him of these-them Incidents told — I told him about these incidents
Ten fær e iocías Atruensê saíea. — lit. I him of those-them Incidents told — I told him about those incidents
Ten fær e Atruensê’ya saíea. — lit. I him of Incidents-the told — I told him about the incidents

Quantity, inclusion & address

ssai e Frælithi’ya. — lit. two of children-the — two of the children
O • o mao-mé Gheor mæ drúsót. — lit. [opt.] your-with God-being you go-forth — may you go forth with your god-being
O mao-mé mæ ∆ Gheo aobh. — lit. [opt.] your-with you [voc.?] God be — God be with you
...niuain / aoa uain / æouain / ssíns e Frælithi’ya... — lit. fewer-than-one / not one / none / zero of the children — the negative-quantity scale
...æœá Frælithi’ya í gænyin... — lit. no children it gave[-within-bounds] — There were no children.
...niïl Borhu yiosnÿ duîm niïl Eœd e cliff Lyrê atá... — lit. a table that to/with a worth of five pounds is — a table worth five pounds
Wilhíæ yScéan metałie — lit. everyone yScéan inclusive-of — everyone including Scéan
Wilhíæ yScéan aoa atáea — lit. everyone yScéan not was — everyone except Scéan
O mis Scéan mith dúe silgá gæn — lit. and our Scéan we to-of think give — And there is Scéan to think of.
duín tes-mé Matthsyr — lit. to-at my-with teacher-being — as a teacher (functive)
Fær Nif e sê-fær Wiunail sulfhœa. — lit. their nose of themselves everyone blew — Everyone blew their own nose.
Mith ax ten’ya... — lit. we but I-stressed — we, but especially I…
Fær Alcuilaí Sê-dúi’gheo-e’ri — lit. Fær Radiance Self-Unto-God-of — Fær Radiance, Fær-divine-self (honorific)
uain Wícr — lit. one water-being — one water

Dates

Mis Or'ghínhe-îæth'ai yDuý.r.r ythés tuc duílín yMedhamýa ghslár-ghüleith Œlimpiad-e atá mith gæn. — lit. Our 44.27th-year per-i.t., which smackbang within the-middle 10.18th Olympiad-of is we give. — It's 2667 I.T., dab in the middle of the 618th Olympiad.
Uain-éx o slár-cliffýa -anno Domini-. — lit. One-six and nine-five A.D. — 1695 AD.
Raíwíl-heatth mith gæn. Lus mÿel Fírladr-e yThüfath-aoya lus Sgiesaetthum-e æœá-e niïl Carnfogh — annadh fœrmain œr –'ma — e Oob'aufGaolaí'sígænea sísiyao-e dræœa Raíwíl-ínhe duálthë marcæn. — lit. 49.57 we give. The most length-of period the 120yearum-of without an execution — whether formal or otherwise — of Incar'aufGaolaí'cerated that-of from 49.43 to-today marks. — It is 2997. The period of 2983 to today marks the Sgiesaetthum's longest without execution, formal or otherwise, of incarcerated Aufgaolaí.

Record fragments

Dús Orscænyæn-orscænyæn yduý sírffrach niheag Erlyê e lus Rr'œlsceil'inch o lus Aoiyid e Ruth-e Útcáry'ya lus Sinótæn-sinótæn eibh • — lit. Toward the spidering in silver tiny letters of the back muscles and the abdomen of Red-of accuser'ya the following was: — In tiny silver letters spidering the back muscles and abdomen of Red's accuser was the following:
Sin Craghê fœrmæn sy farm • Sin Ffeë fiulæn • — lit. As cracks form so build: as teeth chip: — Build like cracks form. Like teeth chip.
Mis Bocraíp mith Fœrm gæn. Brísea mæ bhie • Brísea • Brísea o stílbrís. — lit. Our lips we shape give. Broken we break. Broken. Broken and still-breaking. — Lips take shape. You are broken. Broken. Broken and still breaking.
Ai'æ'titlop -luai- o aich -'uazilæn o aich— • ∆ • O aich sin niïl Felcadhá e Príónê sy ai'farm. — lit. Note-you-topple —aiee!— and also -totter and also— ↑ — and also as a cascade of prions so note[all-listening]-build. — Topple and totter and, like a cascade of prions, build.
Smiotherách Praxis o Próitínä'raxis-e'íach—'ya. — lit. Infectious praxis and proteinaceous-praxis—'ya. — Proteinaceous infectious praxis.

Stage picture

Duínráshië afArch úsét Gradhamýa duílín niïl Cruaff e Garrohyê leagístach o guiïn Yon cuirsea o baouea. — lit. Reversely way-up on Stage within a clutch of tentacles elastic and yellow Night arched and bowed. — In a clutch of yellow elastic tentacles, way up on stage, Night arched and bowed in reverse.

Therapy passage

mis Dú'greibach-greibach-e's Uoinainê mith gæn. — lit. our toward-the-believing-of women we give. — We believe women.
Lus Útcáry Ruth-e Yon eibh. — lit. The accuser Red-of Night was. — Red's accuser was Night.
Łyüsnÿ ghraíïe Theráfthyê-e dúao atáea. — lit. the-then-when fourily therapists-of ago was. — It was four therapists ago.
Sísthurn Fælaê dús Útcár-Útcár Fælaê-e í gæn. — lit. Here fey toward-the accusing fey-of it gives. — Here, fey accuse fey.
Uoinainê dús Útcár-Útcár Uoinainê-e í ro'gænstílgæn'il. — lit. women toward-the accusing women-of it not-insufficiently-had-and-still-gives. — Women do sufficiently accuse women.
Lus yThérafthyiya nugænea. — lit. The therapist nodded. — The therapist nodded.
Úsét bilach Charmænsy Yon-e lus Œurdê e Fenthœs Ruth-e o Útcár'ma-útcár'ma scéalerea eibh. — lit. On bare skin Night-of the words of defence Red-of and counter-accusation written were. — On Night's bare skin were written the words of Red's defence, and the counter-accusation.
O Sísiya sin niïl yálénëách Brëch sy dúéalaf Gnasthýa sê-ír-e lus V lheif ∆ guiáł V lheif ∆ Yac e lus Scëel-scëel Wilfarmái-e sin mis neria o múlchtma ax niecscách Yáe dúe saílturn. — lit. And this as a solar bridge so up-inside-of the nest itself-of, the …grey… !gold! …grey… strobe of the ceiling factory-of, so our new and worse but necessary sun to welcome. — And this — like a solar bridge up into the nest itself — to welcome the …grey… !gold! …grey… strobe of the ceiling factory as our new and worse but necessary sun.
Dús Trawidía o dús Crith-crith o dúrrync dús Sclostaíría. — lit. toward-the seizure and toward-the jittering and backward toward-the wrenching. — Into seizure, into jittering, and back into wrenching.

Closing passage

Byræao Stár dúe Ruth ten Stúpen-wínr mis ainteith Arbhenu ïegæn't. — lit. Through-from love for Red I rape-name-being our first event will-not-give. — Out of love for Red, I will not make rape-naming our first event.
Scér Ruth — syá — Yon Stár gilæn't gilæn't? — lit. Q:PAST Red — perhaps — Night love never-gave never-gave? — Did Red — perhaps — never, never love Night?
Scén stil'ten'át stílát? — lit. Q:NON-PAST sti'I'll-do still-do? — Will I still do it?
Yios mith þis mís Dé'ahor'cruí'sáillaí'ch'ía'er scaírea gilæn't lus Fainía yios duý þis Frÿn atáea ghydæa. — lit. That we her our toward-facing-audience-speaking-being could never-give — the catch that in her throat was meant. — We could never give her our facing-the-audience speech — the catch that was meant for her throat.

Build liturgy

Efui niïl drúach thas — ios 'æ -'farm. — lit. Topic: a next what — that-you -build. — Whatever comes next — you build it.
Thas yŁærmuê mæ ios mæ ygyg. — lit. What noises you that you eke. — Whatever noises you can eke out.
— Sin saige. — Brís. — lit. — As said. — Break. — — As said. — Break.

Clause & phrase syntax

Base order is O–S–V; first person uses S–O–V. The attested frames are V+S and S+V, OSV and SOV, IO+DO+S+V and S+IO+DO+V, PP+S+V and S+PP+V. The first-person seat accounts for each latter pair.
ghiæan is the become-copula: Duílúch Fæ'du'ærs fæ ghiæan. Verbs may stand without objects: Theváre fæ. Indirect objects form a separate category and take duîm: Duîm-fær niïl Rîbha fæ gæn. Other arguments may enter through by, mé, or tmesis.
Existentials use a donor: Chair í gæn, “rain it gives”; first person has Mith Me'hair'os gæn, “we Rain-ours give”. A wholly dropped copula defaults to the speaker: Threïg, “I’m tired”.
Adverbials tend to front. Time, place, and manner may reorder for emphasis. Degree precedes an adverbial, a modifying clause follows it, and tmetic degree wraps it: yail ro'arch'il sót by / ya'ro'arch'il'il sót by.
Adjectives take arguments through prepositions, compounds, or tmesis—not direct objects. The common order is argument then adjective: fær uperya e, “proud of fær”. Degree takes Or…il, Ro…il, or 'ya; comparison takes iy; purpose takes by: Or'threïg'il côs by, “not tired enough to sleep”.
Adverbs and adverbials take the polarity-and-degree set 'ya, 't/'thte, aoa, or…il, and ro…il. PPs may modify them with by: lus Owis malach by, “the night late through”. Bare measures need no by.
Prepositions are preposed. They may stand with an understood argument, take coordinated arguments, receive adverbial modification, or be followed by another PP or a measure: Oob lus Math o Claim o Gloiyornugh; Oob lus Phailé fæ dræao nhœme; Ythús Urgea mêdhië.
Noun tails may carry deixis: lus Thrugh ios thurn, “the train there”. Multiple modifiers order by relevance; English-style order breaks a tie. In tmesis the leftmost modifier is outermost: re'bi'o'car'ld'g'd, “red big old car”.
lus, niïl, and possessives share one article slot. In existentials a possessive fills it: Mis Scale mith gæn, “there is a car”. Numerals count directly with the plural noun; quantifiers ordinarily use partitive e.
Heavy material does not shift right. It moves into a fresh Aich— clause or remains packed inside a relative: Lus Hín nhœme. Aich— mé-e fær éx Nímhogê eibh / Lus Hín ythénÿ éx Nímhogê mé-e eibh nhœme.

Coordination

o and · œr or · ax but · æxó and/or · aoæx either-or-neither · aoœr neither-nor. œr and ax appear between every pair; o, æxó, and aoæx may instead precede only the last item.
Initial O opens a list joined by o, œr, or ax: O Cafi œr Sî offers coffee or tea while leaving both present. It does not open an æxó or aoæx list.
The family joins clauses, NPs, adjective phrases, verbs, and adverbials. The conjuncts need the same function, not the same surface form. Where the syntax permits it, a conjunct may attach to an earlier layer rather than only its immediate neighbour.
A repeated be may disappear from a later conjunct. Within coordinated NPs, adjective phrases, and adverbials, identity permits either a gap or stand-in uain. Echo-repetition remains question-work, not coordination-work.
Each conjunct keeps its own polarity; negation does not spread through o. Voice may vary under one shared subject.

Negation

Œr 'thte is the complete fragment “Or not”, not a word for nor; aoœr supplies neither-nor.
A high negative may cover either the matrix or embedded reading: Ten yiosnÿ fæ nhœmea silgá'thte. Docking it on the embedded verb disambiguates: Ten yiosnÿ fæ nhœmea'thte silgá.
Double negation attenuates rather than reinforces. “Not theren’t” gives “thereabouts”; aoa niri'thte, literally “not justn’t”, gives “just about”.

Anaphora & reflexivity

Where be marks person or number, the subject may drop; the licence is optional. With be wholly absent, the predicate is first person by default. Second and third person ordinarily retain at least the copula.
fæ is the universal person pronoun; í handles things and cía plural persons. The Síonæyais broadly reject gender-ranking among pronouns and use fæ regardless of the subject’s preference.
Ordinary pronouns may refer across coordination, subordinate boundaries, sibling subordinates, and sentence boundaries. Inside one clause, two occurrences of fæ ordinarily denote two people; coreference uses sê.
Text-deixis supplies near/far × back/along/plain: iosiyao farther back · iosaoya farther along · sísiyao nearer back · sísaoya nearer along · iosiya farther · sísiya nearer. “Along” points toward the about-to-be-said.
sê is free, invariable, and logophoric: it may reach its reporter across a clause boundary. Naked sê is first-person or generic; compounds include í-sê, sê-fær, miths-sê, and cías-sê. No verbal reflexive affix exists.
Reflexives remain available inside nominalisations: Eë'shrai-shrai's sê-fær, “the praising of færself”. In ordinary NPs they need no special picture-noun rule.
Plural sê-forms are reciprocal. cías-sê also supplies singular “alone”; with mé it forms the alone-construction, and wil'ya adds reassurance: wil'ya cías-sê mé.

Comparison & degree

Comparatives use -mÿa on the compared term and bare iy before the standard: Holdhmÿa iy tens. iy never stands without its standard. If the comparison becomes a fragment, the whole iy-phrase disappears: Holdhmÿa.
Repeated material in the standard normally reduces to its NP, although its copula may remain. A clausal standard bears visible y- marking.
Predicative comparison leaves iy free. Attributive comparison may fold the head noun into the standard: Niïl holdhmÿa Fæ'hín-iy'ær, “a man taller than fær”.
sin…sy forms equality and correlative comparison: sin mordach sy fær, “as big as fær”; sin aernmÿa sy sainmÿa, “the hotter, the better”. Equality and inequality therefore use different frames.
mÿel / niyel form superlatives. sinya marks a large degree; Or…il and Ro…il scale degree without a standard. Double-negative attenuation supplies “rather” or “approximately”.
The same machinery reaches adverbs: equality by sin…sy, comparison by -mÿa, and extreme degree by a tmetic litotic wrap: Ten í or'mordachië'il—'t craithië fithea, “I ate extremely hungrily”.

Possession

Alienability rides the donor: mith gæn is inalienable; í gæn alienable. Compare the two hand-washing examples: Mis Glaoh-Glaoh tes Sáinsu mé teo mith gæn / Lus Glaoh-Glaoh tes Sáinsu mé teo í gæn.
Tenure rides the verb: plain gæn leaves tenure unmarked; gænyin is temporary; gilæn eternally regives. The family takes ordinary past -ea and future ië- forms.
Unnamed possessors precede the noun. A uniquely named possessum takes the absolute possessive behind its name: faer 26th dormitory beside Dormitory 26-faers. Familiar kin forms likewise include rhié-færs and sídia-teos.
NP-internal marking tracks naming, not alienability or tenure; the possessed noun itself remains bare.

Emphasis

Stress and melody carry no grammatical emphasis: the Síonæyais may shout and stress as they please. Constituents cleft; polarity takes the clitic kit; verbs repeat after themselves: Fær mæ łathn! Łathn!
Sentence-opening clefters stand bare. Mid-sentence relatives wear y…nÿ. A sentence that has hosted a cleft takes the atá family; iostá may close the cleft explicitly when its boundary would otherwise be unclear.
NP emphasis uses the resumptive frame: NP first, í or fæ reflecting it, ordinary be last: Rîbha-e John í cía craigea bhie. NP-internal focus moves only with the whole NP.
Affirmative emphasis may double across carriers: bháya'ya; fith'ya bha. Negative emphasis chains the single 't: fith't o 't o 't. Several constituents or conjuncts may each take their own polarity stamp.
Declarative emphasis does not otherwise reorder the clause. The copy-like colloquial Fith-fith: ten fith, “I am eating”, belongs to first person; its formal counterpart is Ten dús Fith-Fith más.

Topic

Topic devices are S'air'n X · O • o e X • · Efui • X: · postposed s'efui-e'in · bare initial Sin X. Their punctuation is part of the form: the Efui topic closes with a colon and the conversational shifter with a bullet.
No bare movement makes a topic. The first-person colloquial form is O Scóhn ∆ ten mac, “And John — I like”: one elided o does several jobs and the up-trill supplies the closing boundary.
Topics sit parenthetically at major clause seams, initially or internally, never phrase-internally or after final be. The sentence’s closing copula closes over an inserted topic. A later clarification is a fresh pointing fragment, not a shifted constituent.
Topic-dislocation wears a marker; emphasis-dislocation is bare. The resumptive is í for things or fæ for persons and may elide beneath the first-person marker: O Te'fhó'rhié's'os ∆ ten laíea.
Topics may stack, recur, and enter subordinate clauses. The first subordinate depth is plain; deeper topic paths take bare y-, never nÿ. NP-internal material travels only with the whole NP, and coordinate constituents travel together or not at all.
NPs and gerund-NPs topicalise directly. Adjectives and verbs enter through nominalisation; circumstances through a suitable noun. Whole clauses may ride in sin e X. Topic agreement does not exist.
Topicalisation is optional. No separate contrastive-topic form or intonational topic-marking is needed; contrast may be folded into the existing tmesis-and-polarity machinery.

Syntactic relations

Danæam has no case morphology. Order, prepositions, clitics, and tmesis carry syntactic relations.
Indirect object takes duîm, free or folded: duîm-fær / fæ'uîm'ær. Comparison takes iy. Equation takes sin…sy.
Subject-complements and object-complements stand bare: Ten Væx farmea eibh; Mith fær Væx farmea. Becoming and appointment instead use fær-dúe plus an -r state noun: Mith fær-dúe Xæxr ghiæanea; Mith fær-dúe Cáithoorhr oothíthea.
Passive agents are dræao-sources: Dræao lus Ufín Ooraithr fæ ghiæanea. by remains the material, manner, or means-channel.
The ceremonial eternal registers use Ton/Tonu for creative force, þin/þis for anticreative force, and Gil/Aól for gift/entry. Hth'—…—'om swallows a proposition, dash-seams holding its scale; an =-chain links verbless predication. Hthom't is “worldn’t”.
Adjective-governed arguments trail in P-phrases or enter compounds and tmesis. férás-ufsae is “boy-crazy”; Férás casually means sexual tops and/or dominants in an agender culture with gendered sub- and minority cultures. aoyth rhié-færs gives “like his father”.
The infinitive is bound u- (from du-): usót, “to go”. Its subject takes dúe; goals may prefix similarly: Dúe sê ułiuafth usót. Gerunds reduplicate inside the split eës frame: Eë'shrai-shrai's sê-fær.
æœá negates an NP; æœá-e means “without”: Ten æœá-e Fía más. Benefactive and purpose take dúe; recipient takes duîm: Ten dúe Piell í átea / Ten duîm Piell í gæn. Source takes dræao.
Circumstance “with” packs into a relative with trailing mé-e and atá: Niïl Hín ythénÿ reinach Sáinsu mé-e atá. Its negative may use aoa atá, atá'thte, or thé + æœá-e + bhie.
Quality uses e in either direction or derived -ach: Hín e Gree · lus Gree e lus Hín · Grëach Hín. Quantity uses Q + e + N: Niïl Lund e Shar.
Material and means take by: Tïc by Úrsapê. Abstract association retains e; purpose takes dúe. Manner may use by, tmesis, or -ië: by Elin ghuethnea · El'huethnea'in · elinië ghuethnea.
Cause has several attested construals: e for origin, gæn for what gives the result, dræao + ghiæan for what it comes from, and duín + tug for the state reached. A passive causal phrase may front with yth.
Function extends sin…sy to nouns: Ten sy Cthug sin lus Acusthia lynœa. Reference uses e: Ten fær e Atruens'ya saíea. Essive uses possessed mé plus an -r state noun; translative uses fær-dúe plus an -r state noun.
Partitives use e and normally place definiteness inside the complement: ssai e Frælithi'ya. Demonstratives front and pluralise with cías: sícías Atruensê, iocías Atruensê. Neutral 'ya follows the noun.
Negative quantity includes niuain, aoa uain, æouain, and ssíns. The existential alternative places æœá on the NP and uses dummy í: æœá Frælithi'ya í gænyin.
Price takes dúe; value takes e. Distance and duration are bare measures; extent is N + e + measure. wythil is concessive; metałie includes; a negated y- clause excludes; aich adds.
Local relations include In at rest, dúe toward, dræao from, and by past. Time uses In, dúiri until, drúræao since/after, duílín within, duáo ago, and aoíth before. Periodic and future-delay expressions use In; duration uses a bare measure.
Definite NPs use a proper name, lus, or 'ya. Proper names take no article and carry possession behind them. niïl is optional; bare plurals and masses may be indefinite, referential, or generic. -ê is the general plural, with irregular plurals such as Frælithi; -r makes a unit from a mass: uain Wícr.
Vocatives use ∆ or V; intimacy may use Scéan-teos. Honorific style remains productive: Fær Alcuilaí Sê-dúi'gheo-e'ri. “We firemen” uses mé-apposition: mith Łúgrchainr-mé. Mith ax ten'ya means “we, but especially I”.
Nonrestrictive relatives are ythés / ythésnÿ. Citation uses the bare lemma, with nouns capitalised; labels and shop-fronts are bare NP fragments.

Voice & valency

The personal passive is -ea participle + be, with the patient as subject: farmea eibh. A direct object and some other constituents passivise; an indirect object does not. The be-grid supplies tense.
The passive agent takes dræao; by remains means. Dynamic passive uses the ghiæan frame; static passive uses the ordinary be frame.
An impersonal frame uses dummy í, as in the negative existential. It is available with direct-object, other-object, and objectless verbs, but not by promoting an indirect object.
Valency may decrease simply by leaving an argument unsaid; object-drop is visible in Theváre fæ. No reflexive or reciprocal verb-form exists: the sê family supplies both.
Causatives use fær-dúe + an -r state noun + ghiæan or another causative verb. The causee may be omitted, and the same structure serves intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive bases.

Aspect & mood

Bare verbs cover perfective and habitual readings. The continuous uses dús + reduplicated gerund: Ten dús Fith-Fith más. ghiæan is ingressive; the tenure forms supply iteration; thuíl is terminative.
The perfect uses stíl- and exists in present, pluperfect, and future perfect: saige · Ten stílsótea · Iëao As í iëátea. The same form covers result, experience, continuation, and recent completion.
stíl “still” contrasts with thuíl “no longer”. Aspect forms may combine with tense, voice, mood, and nonfinite forms.
Syá marks possibility or contingency. Mee is monitory. The ordinary imperative also carries obligation; O • frames the optative.
The first-person self-vow Ai'en'lith is narrativemancy: the speaker stories femself into the deed.
Objects, indirect objects, and pronouns may enter complexes by tmesis; subjects do not.

Numerals & quantification

Attributive cardinals are unchanged: ssai Lundê, cliff Lyrê, éx Nímhogê. Counted nouns take their plural form; no noun class or gender changes the numeral.
Ordinals use the C'…'ed machinery: C'achér'ed, “second drawer”.
Quantifier compounds include uain't-aoa “someone”, æouain “none”, and Wiunail/Wilhíæ “everyone”. Reduplication belongs to gerunds, not quantification.
mith ssai means “we two”; no dual pronoun is required.

Derivation & word formation

-aí forms abstract nouns: Grëachaí, mordachaí, Státachaí, Ærmuchaí. These behave as ordinary nouns. The -ach stage may be skipped when its meaning would be absurd.
-æn forms verbs from nouns: elf → elfæn. -ea forms participles/adjectives; -ië forms adverbs; Or…il, Ro…il, and -mÿa derive degree forms; -r forms states and units; -iya forms one-who/that-which; -ê is the general plural.
Clauses may become noun-shaped by tmesis: Ië'mal'rugh'ach'nÿ. Hthom can take an entire proposition as its guest.
Complex prepositions form by solid weld: wythil, duílín, drúræao, dúiri. Article welds include dús, dúïl, and ythús.

Phonology & interjections

Vowels may stand at word edges and in sequence; i+i at a morpheme seam writes ï. Roots are word-shaped; affixes may be bound.
-as shows local suffix harmony. No general vowel- or consonant-harmony system is recorded.
There is no distinctive length, fixed stress, tone, or grammatical intonation. Questions, focus, and topic are marked segmentally; shouting and contrastive stress remain expressive but grammatically idle.
∆ and V are parallel vocable trills and the recorded ideophones/interjections. af- and fel- are their segmental dictionary counterparts. V is otherwise absent from the alphabet; ∆ also serves vocative and first-person topic-boundary offices.
The trills can continue alongside speech to the sentence’s end or the next •. Humans cannot produce them.

Semantic fields

Kinship is agender and may be reckoned by blood, partial blood, oath, choosing, fostering, or affiliation. sídia, Rhié, and te-…-'os are central forms.
Blood: Sídílë “womb-kin” · Elintïmma “lineage” · Maíælrhië “grandparent” · Sinithaíl “twin” · e mÿel Ældhr/Frælr Sídia-teos “eldest/youngest sídia”.
Partial blood: Sídia-leth / Le'sídia'th “half-sídia” · Sídia-afTo'emma'lach “full-blood sibling”.
Marriage and oath: Wælainr “spouse” · Rhié-Emma-mé-aoa “parent-in-law” · Sídia-wal “oath-sídia”.
Choosing and fostering: Frœli-tóff “chosen-child” · Rhié-tóff “chosen-Rhié” · Gna'frœli'sth “nest-child” · Yfrœli slaí Yonê-e “hundred-nights-child” · Rhié e Bailch “milk-Rhié”.
Bonds: W'ain'al “bond-for-always” · Mainyin “bond-for-a-season” · Wa'eo-mé'l-teos “god-sworn” · Ygaol Tïc-mé walea atá “hearth-sworn”.
Affiliation: Gaol e bissal-by “court-kin” · Gaolaí ythé e Win-łixach atá “name-kin” · Gaolaí ythé dúy Lawu rihea “dream-kin” · Gaolaí ythé e Fís mainea atá “debt-kin”.
Colours: blys black · isfar white · ruth/Ruth red · lhanc green · Guiïn yellow. Compounds include Em'ruth'mæ blood-red · Blys yon night-black · Glar afthæ sky-blue · Lhanc wíc-e water-green · Isfar óghs-e bone-white · Guiïn yáë sun-yellow.
Body: Orn eye · Au ear · Bóc mouth · Ffee tooth · Langaí tongue · Tap head · Myth snout · Nif nose · Frÿn/afYthrrync neck · Emmasy heart · Linchsy liver · Bengsy belly · Iyitê guts · Penu breast · Charmænsy skin · Whár hair · On foot · Aoffau leg · Bicá knee · Rrync back · Sciw wing · Oobrrhync/Oobâ tail. The -sy organ pattern is visible.
Other clusters include dream (Lawu, Lawubœegh, afSaín, lus Yüain s'ráshea'in, Ixixaíyon), gift (the gæn family, Gæsy, Gil), affect (Iíuu!/Ai'ai! and Síhr…), time (the du- family), cooking (Fía, Bailch, Cafi, Sî, linchs), and -aí abstractions.

——with thanks to Bernard Comrie & Norval Smith (1977): The Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire